QRAE 3

Chlorine

Chlorine is a reactive halogen element with primarily toxic and irritating properties. Unfortunately, due to that its first mass application was in the form of war poison. The paradox is that chlorine ions are necessary to sustain any form of life on Earth. It is used in many industrial processes, especially in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and in petrochemistry. It is a widespread disinfectant, and its most known application is in the disinfection of drinking water, swimming pools and public bathrooms, where the main dangers are hidden. In concentrations above 3 ppm people smell it due to its very characteristic smell. It is dangerous already in concentrations above 5 ppm. At concentrations of 30 ppm it causes coughing and vomiting, and above 50 ppm there is permanent damage to the respiratory organs. It is lethal in concentrations above 1,000 ppm.

The standard alarm limits for the EU are 0.5 ppm / 1 ppm, with a 15 minute STEL limit of 1 ppm.

Carbon Monoxide

The silent killer, one of the most dangerous and insidious gases, the product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. The gas is tasteless and odorless, transparent, unrecognizable, and accumulates in the blood (hemoglobin) with an affinity 240 times higher than oxygen! Concentrations of 300 parts per million in the air (ppm) are already deadly to an adult.

Even the lowest concentrations accumulate in the blood, so the Short Time Exposure Limit (STEL) or maximum allowed accumulated exposure concentration is only 20 ppm, and the daily 8-hour maximum allowed average accumulated exposure (TWA - Time Weighted Average) is 100 ppm. There is a great danger in homes that use fossil fuels, and it is part of the process in ironworks, power plants, petrochemicals, etc.

The standard settings for the lower and upper alarm thresholds are 20 ppm and 100 ppm, and gas also accumulates in the body, so the standard STEL Limit is also 100 ppm, with a TWA limit of 20 ppm.

Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous, colorless and corrosive gas that occurs as a by-product of the decomposition of organic matter without the presence of oxygen (wetlands, sewage) by anaerobic microorganisms. It also occurs in volcanic gases, geothermal springs and along deposits of natural gas (up to 30%) and crude oil. It also occurs in the human body as a product of metabolism, and even in the breath in some disorders. The largest industrial emitters of hydrogen sulfide are oil refineries (oil hydrodesulfurization process - HDS, Claus process), gas plants, petrochemicals, pharmaceutical industry, coke ovens, paper mills and sewage and drainage systems. The positive side of this very poisonous gas is that in very small concentrations (50 ppb) it can be felt as an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs so this is the first warning. However, with a rapid increase in concentration (which is most often the case), the mucous membrane and the sense of smell are paralyzed and the unpleasant odor completely disappears while the toxicity increases. At concentrations higher than 50 ppm, visual impairment occurs.

The standard settings for the lower and upper alarm thresholds are 5 ppm and 10 ppm, and gas also accumulates in the body, so the standard STEL Limit is 10 ppm, and the TWA limit is 5 ppm.

Flammable group of gases (Hydrocarbons)

They occur in practically every segment of life. The most famous representative is natural gas (methane, CH4), and the combinations of carbon and hydrogen molecules are practically unlimited. We use them as energy sources in all endothermic processes and in almost all industries (chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, petrochemical). The biggest problem is their flammability and explosiveness, and for the most part, toxicity. They are one of the biggest risks in all industries. Flammability directly depends on their concentration in the air mixture and ranges between LEL - Lower Explosive Limit and UEL - Upper Explosive Limit. At concentrations of 4.4% to 17% by volume of methane in the air, the spark causes an explosion, so 4.4% v / v CH4 = 100% LEL.

The standard limits of alarm settings within the EU are Low = 10% LEL, High = 20% LEL

Ammonia

Ammonia is a colorless, toxic, irritating and flammable gas with a characteristic odor that is used in many industrial processes, and is a product of the metabolism of living creatures. Among its dangerous characteristics, the most pronounced is toxicity. It is flammable, with slightly higher ignition and self-ignition temperatures (132 ° C / 651 ° C). It irritates respiratory system and mucous membranes of living organisms. It is present in chemical and petrochemical processes (fertilizer production), agriculture, pharmaceuticals, gas production, fermentation, wastewater treatment, refrigeration industry, and is also used as an antimicrobial or cleaning agent. Concentrations above 5,000 ppm are toxic to humans and mammals.

Alarm limits for the EU are 20 ppm / 50 ppm, with TWA and STEL limits of the same values.

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen (IV) oxide (Nitrogen dioxide) is a poisonous and reactive gas, also an oxidant that enhances combustion of flammable materials. It is reddish brown at 21.2 ° C, yellowish at lower temperatures. Inhalation of large quantities can be fatal for the human body. It is used intensively in the chemical and process industries, specialized laboratories and in pharmaceuticals, especially in sterilization processes. In the process industry, it is used for the synthesis of nitric acid, an important chemical raw material. It is one of the greenhouse gases produced by internal combustion cars, and low concentrations in polluted air have a negative effect on the airways, especially of more sensitive populations.

Standard settings of protection devices within the EU for NO2 range from Low = 0.5 ppm / High = 1 ppm, TWA = 0.5 ppm, STEL = 1 ppm.

Oxygen

Gas which is essential for life, in a concentration of 20.9% v / v makes our planet unique. It supports burning and is part of almost all natural and human created processes that take place on Earth. Concentrations below 16.0% v / v cause drowsiness and confusion, and below 6% v / v death. It is also dangerous in high concentrations because it increases the flammability of the material. Concentrations above 24.0% v / v may cause spontaneous combustion of clothing.

The standard limits of alarm settings within the EU are Low = 19.5% v / v, High = 23.5% v / v

Phosphine

Phosphine is an extremely poisonous colorless and flammable gas with an unpleasant odor reminiscent of rotten fish. It is heavier than air. It is completely odorless in its pure form. It is a highly toxic respiratory poison even in very low concentrations. The most important use of phosphine is in the process of fumigation, where it is a very efficient, cheap and fast-acting fumigant that does not leave traces on the treated product. It is widely used in all areas where parasites occur, especially in agriculture (silos, warehouses) and the food industry. It is also applied to organic chemistry and the microprocessor industry.

Standard settings of protection devices within the EU for O3 range from Low = 0.1 ppm / High = 0.2 ppm, TWA = 0.1 ppm, STEL = 0.2 ppm

Sulfur Dioxide

A toxic gas whose smell may resemble a burning match. It is found on Earth in very small concentrations, it is most often present during volcanic eruptions. It is greenhouse gas and also one of the biggest polluters of the atmosphere. It is used in chemical and petrochemical processes (for the production of sulfuric acid), and because of its antimicrobial properties in food production and winemaking as a preservative (E220).

The alarm limits for the EU are 0.5 ppm / 1 ppm, with TWA and STEL 0.5 ppm / 1 ppm.